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Male Factor Infertility

2) Testicular disorders (primary Hypogonadism or Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism ) , Chromosomal disoreder (Klinefelter syndrome and variants, XX male gonadal dysgenesis), Defects in androgen biosynthesis, Orchitis (mumps, HIV, other viral, ),Myotonia dystrophica, Noonan syndrome, Cytotxic drugs, Testicular irradiation. Toxins (alcohol, opiates, fungicides, insecticides, heavy metals, cotton seed oil), Drugs (cytotoxic drugs, ketoconazole, cimetidine, spironolactone),  
3) Partial obstruction in outflow tract from testis to penile pening in epididymis or of vas deferens (cystic fibrosis, diethlstibesterol exposure) also called obstructive oligospermia.  
4) Varicocele:  varicocele is dilatation of scrotal vein in the scrotum that leads to rise in temperature of testis and raise testicular temperature, resulting in less sperm production & death of whatever sperms are produced.  
5)
Partial Spermatogenic arrest due to interruption of the complex process of germ cell  diffrentation from spermatid level to the formation of mature spermatozoa results in decreased sperm count i.e. oligospermia. Its diagnosis is made by testicular biopsy. This is found in upto 30% of all cases of low sperm count patients.18) Heat Exposure to testis: as febrile illness or exposure to hot ambience induces a fall in sperm count which is usually reversible.
6) Autoimmunity i.e. presence of Antisperm antibody. In some people there occurs development of some abnormal blood proteins called anti-sperm antibodies which binds with sperm and make them either immotile or dead or decrease their count. These Antisperm antibodies bind with spems & either make them less motile, totally imotile or even dead which is called necrospermia.  
7) Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism). Undescended testis is a condition when one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the lower part of scrotum during fetal development. Undescended testicles can lead to less sperm production. Because the testicles temperature increase due to the higher internal body temperature compared to the temperature in the scrotum, sperm production may be affected.
8) Infections. Infection of urogenital tract may affect sperm production. Repeated bouts of infections are one of the common causes associated with male infertility.
9) Viral orchits as mumps or other viral infections.  
10) Infections as tuberculosis, sarcoidosis involving testis or surrounding structures as epididymis. 
11) Chronic systemic diseases as Liver diseases, Renal failure, Sickle cell disease, Celiac disease  
12) Neurological disease as myotonic dystrophy  
13) Development and structural defects as mild degree of Germinal cell hypo-plasia
14) Partial Androgen resistance  
15) Mycoplasmal infection  
16) Partial Immotile cilia syndrome 
17) Drugs (e.g. spironolactone, ketoconazole, cyclophosphamide, estrogen administration, sulfasalazine)  
19) Infection – as bacterial epididimo-orchitis, even in prostatis spermatogenic defect have been noted.
20) Hyper-thermia due to cryptorchidism, Environmental exposure as laptop use or hot working conditions
21) Chromosomal abnormality: has been found in many cases of low sperm count
22) Alcohol use, Cocaine or heavy marijuana use or Tobacco smoking may lower sperm count
23) Anti-sperm antibodies.  
24) Klinefelter's syndrome. In this disorder of the sex chromosomes, a man has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome instead of one X and one Y. This causes abnormal development of the testicles, resulting in low or absent sperm production. Testosterone production also may be lower.
25) .  Mosaic Klinefelter's syndrome. In this disorder of the sex chromosomes, of the man is abnormal. This causes abnormal development of the testicles, resulting in low sperm production. Testosterone production may be low or normal.

26) Trauma to testis
27) Environmental toxins: as Pesticides and other chemicals in food  or as ayurvedic medicines.
28) Genetic Factors : as idiopathic partial hypo-gonadotropic hypogonadism


 

 

 

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